18.William G. Soothill and Lewis Hodous, ed., A Dictionary of Chinese Terms, p.123, and p.138.

19.See T.48, p.16b, p.32b, p.42b, p.44c and p.47b.

20.See the Hung-chih ch'an-shih kung-lu, T.48. p.32b. p.44c, and p. 94b. The Yuan-wu fo-kuo ch'an-shih yu-lu retells the story (T.48, p.779b.)

21.The Li-tai fa-pao chi, T.51, p.192a-b.

22.According to Chinese mythodology, the wild-fox spirit is capable of many kinds of self-transformation.

23.CTCTL, T.51, p.294c.

24.The metal staff is one of the eighteen items that a monk or nun can possess. It is partly of metal, expecially with metal rings for shaking to announce one's presence. It is also used as symbol for the expulsion of demons.

25.CTCTL, chuan 11, T.51, p.288a-b.

26.See Ku-chin tu-shu chi-cheng, vol.63, p.24.

27.There is a very similar story recorded in the Sungkao-seng chuan. Ying-fung was a Ch'an monk who had received insturction from Ch'an master Nan-chuan. From his meditative practice, Ying-fung attained some supernatural powers. Once he saw two armies fighting each other. In order to stop the fight, he flew over the battlefield and the soldiers were too busy looking at him flying to fight. He did many unusual things like this. To show his miraculous power, he died standing on his head and nobody was able to overturn him. His sister was a nun, who came and scolded him, "Old brother? when you were alive, you did not behave according to the rules. Now when you died, you still want to show off and confuse people?" After saying this, she touched the body lighly, and it fell down immediately. (T.50, p.847a)

28.The Chia-t'ai p'u-teng lu, chuan, 24, vol.137, p.170.

29.Lin-yo (771-853) was the fourth generation after the Sixth Patriarch. For his biography, see CTCTL, chuan 9, T.51, p.264.

30.The Pi-yen-lu, T. 48, p. 164-165. The translation is taken from Thomas and J.C. Cleary, tr., The Blue Cliff Record, Shambhala, London, p.159.

31.Ibid. p.163.

32.The Is'ung-yung-lu, T.48, p.264c-265a.

33.The Wu-teng huei-yuan is a collection of five separate records. They are kthe Ch'uan-teng yu-yin chi, T'ien-sheng kung teng lu, Chian chung ching kuo chu teng lu, Tsung-men lien teng huei yiao, and Chiat'ai p'u-teng lu. It was compiled by T'ai-ch'uan Pu-chi of the Sung dynasty and was published in 1253 A. D. It includes most of the important masters of the five Ch'an sects up to the Sung dynasty.

34.See Ch'an yuan mung ch'io, Dainihon Zokazokyo, vol.148, p.133.