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中国禅在后现代欧洲的地位

柯鲁克
必治妥大学心理系教授

P.584

提要

　　   欧洲的禅（Zen）现在就像百纳被一样，竞斥着形上学与忠诚教徒或人道信仰的对比观点。许多优秀的禅修活动在各个道场展开的同时，禅所赖之法及其佛教史却少为人知，其中在某种程度上是受到了铃木大拙的泛宗教神秘主义影响。

铃木大拙提供了禅（Zen）的一个局部视野，强调顿悟以及超越历史尤其是智识的方法，这个观点在本世纪初很快便被西方人热切接受了。但是「后现代回归」开始重新重视形上学说的来龙去脉，由此便有了重新考虑五○年代以来典型禅宗（Zen）思想的必要。对于禅宗（Zen）在欧洲的一些重要活动本文有一简短的检视。

圣严法师所介绍的中国禅（Chan）提供了一个完全以法为本的禅（Zen）宗见解，这挑战了有关今日欧洲佛教徒的许多议题，特别是所谓「基督禅」（Christian Zen）或此类主流思想的正当性，他们似乎无法完整说明佛陀的整套觉悟课题。此外，中国禅对华严（Hua-yen）哲学的「华严」（Avata.msaka）传统的兴趣，也为佛教竖立一个正面的形象，它与目前的环保关怀密切相关。中国禅（Chan）或许能为时下流行于欧洲的日本禅（Zen）提供一个更为坚实的基础。

关键词：1. 中国禅  2. 后现代  3. 铃木大拙  4. 欧洲禅  5. 华严  6. 环境主义

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 ·期刊原文
 
 
 The Place of Chan in Post-Modern Europe

John H. Crook
Professor, Dept. of Psychology, Bristol University

Chung-Hwa Buddhist Journal
No.13.2 (May 2000)
pp.549-584

Copyright 2000 The Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies

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p.549

Summary

　　Zen in Europe is currently a patchwork quilt of somewhat competitive perspectives with much investment in contrasting metaphysical positions and ancient loyalties to church or humanistic faiths.　While good Zen practice is cultivated in many centres the Dharma upon which Zen relies and its Buddhist history is poorly understood and in some cases ignored largely as a consequence of accepting Daisetsu Suzuki’s pan-religious mysticism.

　　D. T. Suzuki provided a one sided view of Zen emphasizing sudden enlightenment and a process that functioned outside history and indeed the intellect.　This vision was eagerly taken up by Westerners in the early part of this century.　Since the “post-modern” turn a renewed emphasis on the contextuality of metaphysical discourse has arisen necessitating a reconsideration of views concerning Zen which were standard in the 1950s.　A brief survey of some of the more significant Zen movements in Europe is provided.

　　Chinese Chan as presented by Master Sheng-yen provides a thoroughly Dharma based understanding of Zen that challenges most of the issues that concern European Buddhists today, in particular the validity of “Christian Zen” and other inclusivist mainstreamings that tend to understate the enlightenment project of the Buddha.　In addition the Chan interest in the Avata.msaka tradition of Hue-