佛教之所以重视在家修行者在日常生活中的伦理关系，这是因为，佛教有四众弟子，除出家男女两众（比丘、比丘尼）外，尚有在家男女两众弟子（优婆塞、优婆夷）。在家弟子平时过着世俗的生活，他们在日常家庭生活中必然会遇到如何处理家庭成员或亲族之间各种关系的问题，必然会产生许多以世俗家庭生活为基础的伦理关系和道德规范问题。

　　此外，大乘佛教提倡菩萨行，认为修菩萨行者，不一定必须过出家生活，而是应以入世精神修出世之行。大乘佛教有维摩诘菩萨者，相传是古代印度毗舍离地方的一位长者，他家中富裕，广有财产，婢仆成群。平时生活豪华，享尽荣华富贵，还经常出入于市井里巷和青楼酒肆，完全是一个贵族世家的形象。但是据说他能够处相而不住相，对境而不生境，他对佛法的理解和领悟程度，甚至远远超过了佛陀一般的声闻弟子。维摩诘形象的出现，正是大乘佛教兴盛发展的反映。大乘佛教的形成和发展，是适应社会发展需要的结果。大乘佛教徒有许多过着世俗的家庭生活，因此必然重视家庭和世俗社会生活的伦理关系。

　　佛教徒也是生活在现实社会中，处于现实社会生活的各种相互关系之中。他们的生活离不开社会，佛教教化也需要面对广大的有情众生，因此不可避免地会遇到如何处理家庭和各种社会生活中发生的各种关系的问题。为了教化众生，佛教强调「方便法门」或「方便设施」，由此也需要对家庭和社会的伦理道德关系作出说明。因此关于家庭生活和社会伦理道德的阐述，也是佛教伦理思想的一个重要部分。

　　世俗的家庭生活伦理关系还包括许多内容，这儿仅仅涉及了佛教关于如何处理父母和女子的关系、夫妻关系以及师弟子之间伦理关系的一小部分，以及在家修行者如何修身善己、提高道德修养的问题。应该说这是很不全面的，但这些伦理关系和道德修养问题是世俗社会生活伦理关系中非常重要的组成部分。至于佛家家庭伦理观的其它方面，内容也非常丰富，还有待于进一步的研究发掘。

The Buddhist View of Family Ethics from the
Perspective of the Sujaata Suutra
Ye, Luhua
Director, Institute for Research on Religions,
Shanghai Academy of Social Science

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Summary

　　The Sujaata Sutra is an important Buddhist sutra describing the family ethics. Buddhism practices the celibacy system but doesn’t completely deny the mundane family and social ethics. Sakyamuni Buddha described the Buddhist view on family and social ethics on various occasions. The Sujaata sutra is such a sutra.

　　According to the suutra, the six directions of above, below and four corners represent the six ethical relations of people in family and social life. These include the relation between parents and children, the relation between teachers and students, the relation between husband and wife, the relation between master and servant, the relation between relatives on friends, and the relation between worldly people and sangha.

　　This paper analyzes first the most fundamental relation between parents and children, the relation between husband and wife, and the relation between teachers and students. This is to investigate the Buddhist views on family and social ethics. The author points out that the core of traditional Chinese family ethics is filial piety which contains to respect and support the parents, to worship the ancestors, to obey the elders, not to disobey the wishes of the elders, etc. The Buddhist view on family ethics emphasizes not only the children’s obligation to support the parents and to obey the parents’ wishes but also the parents’ responsibility and obligation to children, especially the importance of educating the children. As regards the relation between husband and wife, Buddhism claims that husband should respect wife and satisfy her living needs while wife should respect husband and obey the wishes of husband. This is the basic request in the ethical relation between husband and wife.

　　The mundane family life includes many aspects. This paper touches only a very small part. It is incomplete in every way. But these relations are very important components of the mundane social life. This paper also analyzes the reasons why Buddhism emphasizes the mundane family and social ethics.

Key words: 1. Sujaata Sutra 2. family 3. ethical view

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 [1][1] 《开元释教录》卷1。
 

 [2][2] 同上注，卷2下。
 

 [3][3] 僧伽提婆译《佛说善生经》，见《中阿含经》卷33。以下简称《善生经》。
 

 [4][4] 同上注。
 

 [5][5] 《善于经》。
 

 [6][6] 同上注。
 

 [7][7] 同上注。
 

 [8][8] 《佛说善生经》，《中阿含经》卷33。
 

 [9][9] 见《印光大师文抄菁华录》〈论存心立品〉。
 

[10][10] 《论语》〈为政〉篇。
 

[11][11] 《孝经》〈纪孝行章〉。
 

[12][12] 《论语》〈学而〉。
 

[13][13] 八敬法又称八敬戒、八尊师法等。具体是指：百岁的比丘尼见新戒比丘，亦应起而迎送、比丘尼不得骂谤比丘、不得说比丘过失等八条。详见《中阿含经》卷38等。
 

[14][14] 见韩愈《师说》。