developed.  One is called samadhi liberation  and the
　　   other is called wisdom  liberation.   The practice  of
　　   wisdom  liberation  does  not cultivate  the nine
　　   levels  of  samadhi.   but   goes  directly  into  the
　　   enlightened  state.  Ch'an follows the path of wisdom
　　   liberation.
　　  
　　   Tso-ch'an of the Patriarchs
　　　　
　　　　  When pre-Ch'an masters practiced,   they  mostly
　　   used the methods given in  the   translated  Hinayana
　　   sutras. For them, tso-ch'an referred to   methods  of
　　   sitting to attain samadhi. But among the later
　　   masters  of Ch'an, the term was reserved   for methods
　　   of attaining  enlightenment  without   samadhi  as  an
　　   intermediate or final stage.
　　　　  The First Patriarch of Ch'an,  the  Indian  monk
　　   Bodhidharma 菩提达摩, arrived in China around 520 A.
　　   D., and established himself in the  Shao   Lin Temple
　　   少林寺. There he wrote the treatise, Erh ju ssu hsing
　　   二入四行. The Two Entries and the Four Practices. One
　　   of the entries was the Entry Through Principle   理入.
　　   This  was  in  fact  direct   penetration  to the
　　   experience  of Buddha-nature.   According  to  legend,
　　   Bodhidharma  sat facing  the wall   in the temple  for
　　   nine years. The posture he used was the same as those
　　   used by previous  masters  to attain samadhi.  He sat
　　   with
　　  
　　   页364
　　  
　　   crossed legs and  concentrated  mind.   However,  the
　　   goal was different it was to develop wisdom   without
　　   going through samadhi. He did not use  the   Hinayana
　　   methods such as visualizing the parts of one's body.
　　   Bodhidharma's approach was based on  the Lankavatara
　　   Sutra which advised "taking no  door as  the  Dharma
　　   door" and "not using any language, words or  symbols
　　   as the foundation."
　　　　  While the historical facts of Bodhidharma's life
　　   are scant, there is no doubt that he practiced
　　   tso-ch'an. There is also little doubt that he was
　　   enlightened  before going to China.   Even so, when he
　　   settled   in  the　　 Shao-Lin   Temple,  he  continued
　　   tso-ch'an practice.  His great contribution  to Ch'an
　　   was   his   insistence　　 on   directly   experiencing
　　   Buddha-nature through Tso-ch'an.
　　　　　　 The Fourth Patriarch Tao-hsin 道信（580-651 ）
　　   wrote Ju-tao anhsin yao fang-pien men 入道安心要方便
　　   门. The Methods for Entering the  Path   and  Calming