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中国佛教的译场组织与沙门的外学修养(5)

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比丘昙谟最(约520时人)善于禅学,讲涅盘(经)、花(华)严(经)。天竺国胡沙门菩提流支(Bodhiruci,约508~537时人),晓魏言及隶书,流支读昙谟最(所撰)大乘义章,每弹指赞叹,唱言微妙,即为胡书写之,传之于西域。(页1017中)

按,昙谟最在《续高僧传》卷23有传,作〈魏洛都融觉寺释昙无最传〉,最公姓董,武安人(页724中)。换言之,昙谟最是一位华僧。他所著的《大乘义章》必然能推展出天竺佛教所无的新见解,方能为懂中文的西僧菩提流支所「弹指赞叹,唱言微妙」之余,更为译作胡书而传之西域,可惜其书如今不传。

  昙无最之外,更有释智顗(538~597)。北宋释赞宁(919~1001)《宋高僧传》(《大正藏》册50)卷27〈唐京兆大兴善寺含光传〉略云:

释含光,不知何许人也。开元中(约726)见不空(Amoghavajra,705~774)三藏颇高时望,乃依附焉。及不空劫回西域,(含)光亦随影,思寻圣迹。天宝六载(747)回京,不空译经,乃当参议华梵。属师卒后,代宗(763~779在位)重(含)光,如见不空。尝与江淮僧四十余人入清凉境界,湛然(711~782)与光相见,问西域传法之事,(含)光云:有一国(之)僧,体解空宗,问及智者(即智顗)教法。梵僧云:曾闻外教定邪正,晓偏圆,明止观,功推第一。再三嘱(含)光,或因缘重至,为翻唐为梵附来,某愿受持。(后含)光不知其终。(页879中~下)

据〈含光传〉所述,智者大师的教法在唐代已远闻印度,彼方僧徒亟欲知其详情,故梵僧再三嘱含光设法将智者著作译成梵文,寄来细读。这也是华人佛学成绩有西竺未闻的新推展的例证,可惜含光有否作此翻译?如今不能知道了。

  然而智顗对佛教理论的推展,有超越上面提到的「止观」等的法门,这就是佛性有「善」与「恶」两面的新理论。

  据一般研究佛教义理的人都知道印度佛教认为佛性只有「善」的一面。仕邦虽然不从事佛理的研究,但据北凉昙无谶(Dharmaraksa,385~433)所译《大般涅盘经》(《大正藏》册12),其卷32〈迦叶菩萨品之二〉略云:

若断善根有佛性者,则不得名断善根也。若无佛性,云何复言一切众生悉有佛性?(页817下)

  依《涅盘经》的讲法,是「佛性」不能与「善」根脱离,也就是「佛性」是属于「善」的理论。

 

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  然而智顗在所撰《观音玄义》(《大正藏》册34)卷上有如下的话,略云:

譬如魔虽烧经,何能令性善法门尽?纵令佛烧恶谱,亦不能令恶法门尽。如秦焚典坑儒,岂能令善恶断尽耶?问阐提(Icchantika,善根丧尽的人)不断性善,还能令修善起;佛不断性恶,还令修恶起耶?答:阐提既不达性善,达故,还为善所染,修善得起广治诸恶。佛虽不断性恶而能达于恶,以达恶故,于恶自在,故不为恶所染,修恶不得起,故佛永无复恶。(页882下)

同书同卷又略云:

今明阐提不断性德之善,遇缘善发。佛亦不断性恶,机缘所激,慈力所熏。如来性恶不断还能起恶,虽于起恶而是解心无染,通达恶际即是实际,能以五逆相而得解脱。(页883上)

从上所引,知道智顗认为「佛性」除了「善」的一面之外,更有「恶」的一面。不过佛陀能「达于恶(了解这属恶念)」而以「慈力所熏」使不行恶事,换言之,顗公认为佛能控制住自己「性恶」的一面使不发作。这是对「佛性」理论很大一步的推广!

  何以智者有这样的念头?我们知道顗公毕生未游五竺,而据隋释灌顶(561~632)《隋智者大师别传》(《大正藏》册50)略云:

大师讳智顗,俗姓陈氏,颖川人也。暨晋世迁都,家随南出,因止荆州之华容县。父(陈)起祖,学通经传,谈吐绝伦。(页191上)

既然史称顗公的严亲「学通经传」,则智者大师剃染之前必因家学关系而读过儒书。我们都知道儒家中有《孟子》的「性善说」与《荀子》的「性恶说」,[45][45] 然则智顗很可能兼采孟、荀两家之说,而提出「佛性」亦有善与恶两面。若仕邦的推断为合,则智者的理论,也是外学有助扩大佛教思想的例证之一了。

  总括一句,缘于僧伽的外学知识扩大了佛教的思想,也使佛教更能适应东亚地区的文化背景,因此大乘佛法在这广大区域流行迄今而未衰。

 

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The Organization of Buddhist Translation Centres and the
Achievement of Sramanas’ Secular Learnings
──Two Major Factors that Relate to the Long-lasting Popularity of
Mahayana Buddhism after She Penetrated into East Asia
Tso Sze-bong

Associate Researcher,

Chung-Hwa Institute of Buddhist Studies

Summary
  After Mahayana Buddhism was penetrated into East Asia, the author believes that there are two major factors that relate to the long-lasting popularity of this religion in the above-mentioned area.

  The first factor is: after she penetrated into China, the Chinese Buddhists cleries and laymen onganized translation centres in different periods and places in order to render the Buddhist secred seriptures that written in Sanskrit or Central Asian languages into Chinese.

  As the translation in the above-mentioned centres was engaging in team-work under the supervision of a Chief-Translator, not only was the work finely divided, but the standred of efficiency was also very high.  The existance of these centres had long been lasting, from 2nd Century to 10th Century A. D, for nearly nine hundred years.

  During the long period mentioned above, the people in the neighbouring East Asian nations, Japan, Korea and Vietnam, were adopted Chinese characters as their written language, therefore, the Buddhists of these nations were also learning or studying the Chinese translated secred seriptures when Mahayana Buddhism was spread into these lands through China.

  The second major factor, however, is the acheievement of the Chinese Wramanas’ secular learnings.  During the same period mentioned above, in case one who received no Confucian education before devoted into monkhood or to lead a nun’s career, he or she should have to learn Confucian classics and other Chines thoughts that taught by their own cleric master after ordained.  Therefore, each