(adukkhamasukham) and purity of mindfulness due
to indifference (upekkha-sati-parisuddhim), (
注 13) this atta ? has attained the supreme
nibbana in this world."
Thus do some declare the supreme Nibbana in
the visible world of an existing being.
Ⅲ. PHILOSOPHY
The core of the Parama-ditthadhamma-nibbana
philosophy mainly deals with the three types of
feelings dukkha, sukha and adukkhamasukham.It is,
therefore, necessary to know clearly what these
concepts stand for before we commence our study of the
philosophy of this religious group.
These three feelings together with piti are all
mental reactions to physical
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(12) See p. 474 of the present article for the
discussion of the term abhoga; also note that
Vasubandhu (ibid. p. 54) explains the act of
paying attention as enjoyment of mind:
manaskarascetasa abhogah.
(13) See pp. 474 ~ 475 of the present article.
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sensations.They are all associated with the body and
thus differ from somanassa and domanassa which are
purely mental in origin.The connection of piti with
the body is clear from a statement in the Digha Nikaya
I, 73:
Gladness (pamojja) arises within him; thus
gladdened rapture (piti) arises in him; and
when he is rapturous his body becomes tranquil.
Tranquility in turn leads to sukha (physical
happiness) on the basis of which mind becomes
concentrated.Buddhaghosa's description of the five
types of piti( 注 14)also supports this view.According
to him khuddika-piti (minor rapture) is first to
appear and can cause the hairs of the body to
stand.Khanika piti (momentary rapture) is like
lighting, but cannot be sustained for long.Okkantika
piti (showering rapture) runs through the body in
waves, producing a thrill but not a lasting impact;