the involuntary  separation from or destruction of the

　　   kamas.The  vicara  and the vitakka, on the other hand,

　　   refer to judgemental deliberations concerning only the

　　   experience  of the impermanency  of the kamas  and the

　　   resultant   painful  mental  states.The   vitakka  and

　　   vicara, as we shall  see later, come  to an end before

　　   the attainment  of the second  jhana.But  it does  not

　　   mean  that the meditator  has got rid of all types  of

　　   deliberations.There   are  judgemental   deliberations

　　   between  any two states of meditation.The  judgemental

　　   deliberations prefacing the attainments of the second,

　　   third  and  fourth   jhanas  are,  however,  not

　　   concerned  with kama, and so no longer called  vitakka

　　   and vicara.(  注 24) Both the vitakka  and vicara, and

　　   the  akusala-dhammas   fall   within   the  range   of

　　   experience  of an ordinary person.

　　　　 These   mental　　 states　　 are   called   "not

　　   good"(akusala) for they represent a situation which is

　　   just  the opposite  of nibbana, the ideal  agreeable

　　   feeling.The   term  akusala   is  not  moral   in  its

　　   implication;  it merely indicates  the undesirableness

　　   of a mental state that experientially  runs counter to

　　   Nibbana.

　　　　   In   order   to   critically   understand   the

　　   implications  of the jhana formulas it is necessary to

　　   pay attention to the following principles  relevant to

　　   a jhanic state:

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　　   (23) See pp.  458 of the present article; Digha Nika ?

　　　　   ya, I, P. 36

　　   (24) Such mental deliberations are called "adhicitta",

　　　　   higher thoughts.

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　　　　  1)  Mind  in concentration  can know  only  one

　　　　　　   object at a time.

　　　　　　 2) The description of four jhanas stands for four

　　　　　　  different types of mental states and include

　　　　　　  not only the characteristics  connected with

　　　　　　  the act of knowing  but alos characteristics

　　　　　　  indicating   the  object   to  be  known.For

　　　　　　  example  the  terms  sato,  sampajanno  etc.

　　　　　　  refer  to the knowing  aspect  of mind while