Sectarianism and Religious Persecution in China (Amsterdam: J.
　　　　  Mallet, 1903), p. 110. The edict in question is at Qing huidian
　　　　  shili (Essential Legislation of the Qing with Sub-statutes) (1899;
　　　　  reprint, Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1991), 501.793a
　　　　  (49) The seven assemblies are traditionally given as (1) bhiksu
　　　　  (biqiu) fully ordained monks, (2) bhiksuni (biqiuni fully ordained
　　　　  nuns), (3) siksamana (shichamona) nuns preparing for full ordination
　　　　  who follow only six of the novice's ten precepts, (4) sramanera
　　　　  (shami) male novices, (5) Sramanerika (shamini) female novices, (6)
　　　　  upasaka (youposai) laymen who took the five precepts, (7) upasika
　　　　  (youpoyi) laywomen who took the five precepts. The category of
　　　　  siksamana seems not to have existed in Chinese Buddhism and was
　　　　  replaced by other categories, such as tongxing (monastic laborer).
　　　　  (50) T50.2062.907c.
　　　　  (51) Fozu tongji (Comprehensive Account of the Buddhas and
　　　　  Patriarchs), comp. Zhipan (fl. 1258-69), T49.2035.207a; and Shimen
　　　　  zhengtong (True Record of the Buddhist Order) 1237] by Zongjian,
　　　　  XZJ. 130.834a.
　　　　  (52) XZJ. 107.9c. See Hasebe Yukei, Min Shin Bukkyo kyodanshi kenkyu
　　　　  (Kyoto: Dohosha Shuppan, 1993), pp. 192-215. Hanyue's dharma name
　　　　  was Fazang, but he is more commonly known by his hao in order to
　　　　  distinguish him from his more famous predecessor. See the ordination
　　　　  manual in question, Quanjie zhengfan (The Correct Method for
　　　　  Transmitting the Precepts), XZJ. 107.413-14.
　　　　  (53) Lingfeng zonglun (Lingfeng's Discussion of the Teachings),
　　　　  Supplement 23, 477-97. See Shen-yen, Mingmo Zhungguo fojiao zhi
　　　　  yanjiu [translation of Minmatsu Chugoku bukkyo no kenkyu] (Taipei:
　　　　  Taiwan xuesheng shuju, 1988), pp. 265-67, for the information
　　　　  reproduced in tabular form.
　　　　  (54) See Edward Schafer, "Ritual Exposure in Ancient China," Harvard
　　　　  Journal of Asiatic Studies 14 (1957): 130-84; and Alvin P. Cohen,
　　　　  "Coercing the Rain Deities in Ancient China," History of Religions
　　　　  17 (1978): 244-465.
　　　　  (55) Hou Han Shu (History Of the LAW Han), comp. Fan Ye (398-445)
　　　　  (Beijing: Zhonghua shiyu, 1965), 81/2684.
　　　　  (56) Ibid., 81/2694.
　　　　  (57) Song shi (History of the Song), comp. Tuotuo et a]. (Beijing
　　　　  and Shanghai: Zhonghua shuju, 1977), 5/87.
　　　　  (58) See Taiping yulan, by Li Fang [9831, ed. Wang Yunwu (1935;
　　　　  reprint Taipei: Yangwu yinshuguan, 1980), 35.8b.