level  to  its  second  stage  ripening.  Congruence

　　   returns  in  the  final  stage, where  the  seed  is

　　   harvested, that is, removed  and revealed  as a mere

　　   means  to the end  of enlightenment. The abandonment

　　   noted here this extends even to doctrine itself, the

　　   previously  sown seed. The common core would seem to

　　   be  upaaya   ,  the  orthodos   doctrine   expounded

　　   innumerable  times  by the  Buddha  that  emphasizes

　　   efficacy  an flexibility.  Both  the T'ien-t'ai  and

　　   Ch'an  schools  thus  may  be  seen  as  appropriate

　　   responses  to the cultural  imperatives  under which

　　   Buddhist   doctrine   had   to  accomplish-and-hence

　　   adapt-its message to the needs and sensitivities  of

　　   Chinese audiences.(36)

　　   ────────────

　　   (34) this threefold  divison  represents  a movement

　　　　   initiated by the Sixth Patriarch, Hui-neng, and

　　　　   his "sudden enlightenment" school. See Heinrich

　　　　   Dumoulin, Zen Buddhist; A History: Vol, I India

　　　　   and China, James  W.Heising  and Paul  Knitter,

　　　　   trans.  (New York Macmillan publishing company,

　　　　   1988)pp.155-56.

　　   (35) Soothill, p.55a.

　　　　　　　　　　　　  p.363

　　　　  The Ch'an  of the Ancient  Masters, reliance  on

　　   the  scriptures, entails  cognitive  literalism, the

　　   use  of abstract  language.  Given  its intellectual

　　   content and concepts, hsin or consciousness comes to

　　   the  fore.  While  it  is  the  beginning  point  of

　　   awakening, it is by no means a complete answer, only

　　   a partial  answer.  In seeking to cognitively  solve

　　   the  existential  quandary  of  life  and  death, it

　　   remains  ever  incapable  of  dis-solving   Samsaara

　　   within Nirvaana.

　　　　  When Buddhism  arrived  in China, it brought  in

　　   its wake a rich intellectual tradition. Many suutras

　　   and  volumes  of  philosophical   commentaries  were

　　   available　　 from original   Indian   sources　　 and

　　   increasingly  in Chinese  translation.  This immense

　　   foundation  also proved to be a source  of problems,

　　   by mistaking  the words written about awakening  for

　　   the experience itself.  The temptation  was to limit

　　   oneself   to   the   intellect,   to   assume   that