in explications of Ch'an practice:

　　　　  Thirty  years  ago, before  I began the study of

　　　　  Zen, I  said, 'Mountains  are  mountains, waters

　　　　  are waters.'

　　　　  After  I got an insight  into  the truth  of Zen

　　　　  through  the  instruction  of  a good  master, I

　　　　  said, "mountains  are not  mountains, water  are

　　　　  not water.'

　　　　  But now, having attained the abode of final rest

　　　　  [that  is,  Awakening],  I  say, 'Mountains  are

　　　　  really mountains, water are really waters'(45)

　　   There is much of philosophical  significance  within

　　   these unpretentious lines and their mundane images.

　　   I. 'Mountains are mountains, waters are waters.'

　　　　  This  is the  way  things  are in the  world, in

　　   terms  of our mundane  perception, the  keynotes  of

　　   which　　 are   differentiation,   affirmation,   and

　　   objectification.  This  level  of  consciousness  is

　　   associated  with the "deaf worldling"  by Pai Chang.

　　   (46) In  terms  of Nietzsche's  Three  Metamorphoses

　　   (Thus  Spoke  Zarathustra), the image is that of the

　　   camel, bearing the burden of social conditioning, as

　　   characterized by Great Faith.

　　　　  These simple-and  simplistic-declarative  state-

　　　　  ments of is-ness issue from the

　　   ────────────

　　   (45) Quoted  by Abe  Masao  in his Zen  and  Western

　　　　   Thought,   edited　　 by   William　　 R.La-Fleur

　　　　   (University of Hawaii Press, 1989), p.4.  Masao

　　　　   goes   on  to  elucidate   the  epistemological

　　　　   significance, of these  lines  in the remainder

　　　　   of  that  chapter   entitled   "Zen  Is  Not  a

　　　　   Philosophy, but.." (pp.5-18).  My own discussin

　　　　   here  is both a restatement  and an elaboration

　　　　   of his analysis.

　　   (46) Pai-Chang, p.29.

　　　　　　　　　　　　  P.373

　　   viewpoint  of a subject  (1) encountering  an object

　　   (the other). It thereby presupposes a duality, along

　　   with  its attendant  categories  of objectivity  and

　　   subjectivity.  Most importantly, these  distinctions